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Parkinson ed organi di senso

Risponde il Dr Claudio Mariani, Neurologo che lavora presso il Centro Parkinson ICP a Milano:

Parkinson ed organi di senso. Dei cinque organi, vista, udito, gusto, olfatto e tatto, quello che sicuramente è direttamente coinvolto nella malattia di Parkinson è l'olfatto. Infatti, nel foglio anamnestico di cui è richiesta la compilazione da parte di chi viene al Centro Parkinson ICP, è inserita la domanda se il paziente ha notato una perdita dell'olfatto assieme ai primi sintomi motori o addirittura anche prima, e quanto tempo prima. Si è visto che il 25-30% dei pazienti presentano una perdita dell'olfatto prima dell'esordio della malattia. L'olfatto si basa su un meccanismo dopaminergico, nella mucosa nasale ci sono recettori con trasmissione dopaminergica e si è pensato di sfruttare questa caratteristica a scopo diagnostico.

Per quanto riguarda gli altri sensi, non ci sono dati certi. Nel caso della vista, bisogna verificare se è un problema di acutezza visiva vero e proprio oppure un problema legato ad alterata motilità oculare cioè di quei muscoli che permettono agli occhi di ruotare nelle varie direzioni. Il disturbo della vista nella malattia di Parkinson, per via della lentezza e della asimmetria dei movimenti di tutti i muscoli compresi quelli oculari, può dipendere in particolare dalla difficoltà a focalizzare lo sguardo su oggetti in rapido movimento o su di un testo scritto impedendone la lettura. Bisogna distinguere questo disturbo da un più grave deficit dello sguardo, tipico di un' altra forma di parkinsonismo, la Paralisi Supranucleare Progressiva, in cui è particolarmente difficile guardare in basso.

Per quanto riguarda i problemi oculari, esistono terapie di tipo ortottico, ovvero di recupero dei movimenti dello sguardo tramite, per es. lenti particolari e/o esercizi particolari. Per esempio, la diplopia, il vedere doppio, scompare quando chiudiamo un occhio, per cui basta coprire un occhio con una lente scura.

Associazione Italiana Parkinsoniani

AIP promuove la corretta informazione sulla malattia di Parkinson. Si rivolge ai pazienti, ai loro familiari, ai sanitari ed alle istituzioni preposte a decisioni di politica sanitaria.

La Fondazione Pezzoli

Raccoglie fondi da destinare alla ricerca scientifica per combattere la malattia di Parkinson e trovare una cura.

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  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `jml_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `jml_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`435μs6.9KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM jml_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `jml_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN jml_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN jml_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN jml_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN jml_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id LEFT JOIN `jml_fields_categories` AS fc ON fc.field_id = a.id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND (`fc`.`category_id` IS NULL OR `fc`.`category_id` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3)) AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform ORDER BY a.ordering ASC563μs6.37KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:166Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `jml_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `jml_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`543μs6.9KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT custom_data FROM jml_extensions WHERE element = 'yootheme' AND folder = 'system' LIMIT 1326μs64.88KB/templates/yootheme/packages/platform-joomla/src/Storage.php:30Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`id`,`m`.`title`,`m`.`module`,`m`.`position`,`m`.`content`,`m`.`showtitle`,`m`.`params`,`mm`.`menuid` FROM `jml_modules` AS `m` LEFT JOIN `jml_modules_menu` AS `mm` ON `mm`.`moduleid` = `m`.`id` LEFT JOIN `jml_extensions` AS `e` ON `e`.`element` = `m`.`module` AND `e`.`client_id` = `m`.`client_id` WHERE ( ( (`m`.`published` = 1 AND `e`.`enabled` = 1 AND `m`.`client_id` = :clientId AND `m`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)) AND (`m`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`m`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown)) AND (`mm`.`menuid` = :itemId OR `mm`.`menuid` <= 0) AND `m`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4) ORDER BY `m`.`position`,`m`.`ordering`2.71ms132.53KBParams/libraries/src/Cache/Controller/CallbackController.php:51Copy
  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM jml_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `jml_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN jml_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN jml_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN jml_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN jml_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform ORDER BY a.ordering ASC647μs5.63KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:166Copy
  • SELECT `params` FROM `jml_comprofiler_plugin` WHERE `id` = 1171μs896BCopy
  • SELECT `id` FROM `jml_rstbox` WHERE `published` = 1 AND `testmode` = 0165μs928B/administrator/components/com_rstbox/EngageBox/Boxes.php:45Copy
  • SELECT * FROM `jml_rstbox` WHERE `id` = 3139μs2.23KB/administrator/components/com_rstbox/EngageBox/Box.php:238Copy
  • SELECT COUNT(id) FROM `jml_rstbox_logs` WHERE `event` = 1 AND `box` = 3 AND `visitorid` = 'c2cbe0e0c8edae48' AND MONTH(date) = 03 AND YEAR(date) = 2025195μs896B/administrator/components/com_rstbox/EngageBox/Assignments.php:201Copy
  • SELECT * FROM `jml_rstbox` WHERE `id` = 5138μs13.23KB/administrator/components/com_rstbox/EngageBox/Box.php:238Copy
  • SELECT COUNT(id) FROM `jml_rstbox_logs` WHERE `event` = 1 AND `box` = 5 AND `visitorid` = 'c2cbe0e0c8edae48'107μs896B/administrator/components/com_rstbox/EngageBox/Assignments.php:201Copy
  • SELECT `language`,`id` FROM `jml_menu` WHERE `home` = '1' AND `published` = 1 AND `client_id` = 0435μs976B/libraries/src/Language/Multilanguage.php:123Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `jml_content` WHERE `id` = :id117μs1.67KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `jml_content` WHERE `id` = :id96μs1.67KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `c2`.`language`,CONCAT_WS(':', `c2`.`id`, `c2`.`alias`) AS `id`,CONCAT_WS(':', `ca`.`id`, `ca`.`alias`) AS `catid` FROM `jml_content` AS `c` INNER JOIN `jml_associations` AS `a` ON `a`.`id` = `c`.`id` AND `a`.`context` = :context INNER JOIN `jml_associations` AS `a2` ON `a`.`key` = `a2`.`key` INNER JOIN `jml_content` AS `c2` ON `a2`.`id` = `c2`.`id` INNER JOIN `jml_categories` AS `ca` ON `c2`.`catid` = `ca`.`id` AND `ca`.`extension` = :extension2 WHERE `c`.`id` = :id AND c2.access IN (1,5) AND c2.language != 'it-IT' AND (c2.publish_up IS NULL OR c2.publish_up <= '2025-03-24 17:13:54') AND (c2.publish_down IS NULL OR c2.publish_down >= '2025-03-24 17:13:54') AND c2.state = 1285μs1.81KBParams/libraries/src/Language/Associations.php:145Copy
  • SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`next_execution` <= :now THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS due_count,SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`locked` IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END) AS locked_count FROM `jml_scheduler_tasks` AS `a` WHERE `a`.`state` = 1223μs1.75KBParams/administrator/components/com_scheduler/src/Model/TasksModel.php:517Copy
  • SHOW TABLES773μs8.83KB/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/Mysqli/MysqliDriver.php:678Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `jml_session` WHERE `session_id` = ?171μs1.67KBParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:291Copy
  • UPDATE `jml_session` SET `data` = ? , `time` = ? WHERE `session_id` = ?8.43ms936BParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:318Copy