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Fumo, alcol e caffè nella malattia di Parkinson

fumoStudi pubblicati in passato hanno dimostrato che alcune abitudini di vita (fumo di sigaretta, consumo di alcol, caffè) sono meno frequenti nei pazienti parkinsoniani

 

In statistica una associazione inversa o negativa si presenta quando alla variazione di un elemento corrisponde, in senso contrario, quella dell'altro. L’obiettivo di questo studio, al quale ha partecipato anche la Fondazione Grigioni, è stato di esaminare l’associazione di queste abitudini di vita con lo sviluppo del Parkinson utilizzando una metodologia statistica particolare (la randomizzazione mendeliana a due campioni e il potenziale di bias di sopravvivenza e incidenza-prevalenza).

Lo studio ha voluto stimare l'associazione di polimorfismi genetici del Parkinson con abitudini di vita utilizzando i dati di una casistica di 7.369 pazienti e 7.018 controlli.

In sintesi, è stata trovata una associazione inversa significativa tra l'inizio dell'abitudine al fumo e lo sviluppo di Parkinson, mentre non sono state osservate associazioni significative per il consumo di alcol e di caffè. In altre parole, i risultati sono a favore di un'associazione inversa tra fumo e Parkinson che non è spiegata da fattori statistici confondenti (causalità inversa e bias di sopravvivenza o incidenza-prevalenza) mentre non si posson trarre conclusioni sull'associazione del consumo di alcol e caffè con il Parkinson.

Questo risultato sul fumo deve essere interpretato con grande cautela: ricordiamo con fermezza che alcol, obesità e fumo rappresentano alcune tra le principali cause prevenibili di malattia e mortalità e ogni anno più di settantamila morti sono attribuibili al fumo di tabacco solo in Italia. Certamente studi di questo tipo, ai quali la Fondazione contribuisce, servono per fare sempre più chiarezza sull'eziologia, cioè sulle cause, della malattia di Parkinson.

 

Fonte: Domenighetti C, and Comprehensive Unbiaised Risk Factor Assessment for Genetics and Environment in Parkinson’s Disease (Courage-PD) consortium. Mendelian Randomisation Study of Smoking, Alcohol, and Coffee Drinking in Relation to Parkinson's Disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2021 Oct 7. doi: 10.3233/JPD-212851. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34633332.

 

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  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM jml_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `jml_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN jml_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN jml_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN jml_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN jml_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id LEFT JOIN `jml_fields_categories` AS fc ON fc.field_id = a.id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND (`fc`.`category_id` IS NULL OR `fc`.`category_id` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3)) AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform ORDER BY a.ordering ASC560μs6.37KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:166Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `jml_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `jml_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`609μs6.9KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT custom_data FROM jml_extensions WHERE element = 'yootheme' AND folder = 'system' LIMIT 1334μs64.88KB/templates/yootheme/packages/platform-joomla/src/Storage.php:30Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`id`,`m`.`title`,`m`.`module`,`m`.`position`,`m`.`content`,`m`.`showtitle`,`m`.`params`,`mm`.`menuid` FROM `jml_modules` AS `m` LEFT JOIN `jml_modules_menu` AS `mm` ON `mm`.`moduleid` = `m`.`id` LEFT JOIN `jml_extensions` AS `e` ON `e`.`element` = `m`.`module` AND `e`.`client_id` = `m`.`client_id` WHERE ( ( (`m`.`published` = 1 AND `e`.`enabled` = 1 AND `m`.`client_id` = :clientId AND `m`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)) AND (`m`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`m`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown)) AND (`mm`.`menuid` = :itemId OR `mm`.`menuid` <= 0) AND `m`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4) ORDER BY `m`.`position`,`m`.`ordering`2.89ms132.25KBParams/libraries/src/Cache/Controller/CallbackController.php:51Copy
  • SELECT `metakey` FROM `jml_content` WHERE `id` = :id194μs1.67KBParams/modules/mod_related_items/src/Helper/RelatedItemsHelper.php:88Copy
  • SELECT `a`.`id` FROM `jml_content` AS `a` WHERE ( ( (`a`.`id` != :id AND `a`.`state` = 1 AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)) AND (`a`.`metakey` LIKE :preparedArray3 OR `a`.`metakey` LIKE :preparedArray4 OR `a`.`metakey` LIKE :preparedArray5 OR `a`.`metakey` LIKE :preparedArray6 OR `a`.`metakey` LIKE :preparedArray7 OR `a`.`metakey` LIKE :preparedArray8 OR `a`.`metakey` LIKE :preparedArray9 OR `a`.`metakey` LIKE :preparedArray10 OR `a`.`metakey` LIKE :preparedArray11)) AND (`a`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_up` <= :nowDate1)) AND (`a`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_down` >= :nowDate2) AND `a`.`language` IN (:preparedArray12,:preparedArray13) LIMIT 2029.54ms3.16KBParams/modules/mod_related_items/src/Helper/RelatedItemsHelper.php:152Copy
  • SELECT `a`.`id`,`a`.`title`,`a`.`alias`,`a`.`introtext`,`a`.`fulltext`,`a`.`checked_out`,`a`.`checked_out_time`,`a`.`catid`,`a`.`created`,`a`.`created_by`,`a`.`created_by_alias`,`a`.`modified`,`a`.`modified_by`,CASE WHEN `a`.`publish_up` IS NULL THEN `a`.`created` ELSE `a`.`publish_up` END AS `publish_up`,`a`.`publish_down`,`a`.`images`,`a`.`urls`,`a`.`attribs`,`a`.`metadata`,`a`.`metakey`,`a`.`metadesc`,`a`.`access`,`a`.`hits`,`a`.`featured`,`a`.`language`,LENGTH(`a`.`fulltext`) AS `readmore`,`a`.`ordering`,`fp`.`featured_up`,`fp`.`featured_down`,CASE WHEN `c`.`published` = 2 AND `a`.`state` > 0 THEN 2 WHEN `c`.`published` != 1 THEN 0 ELSE `a`.`state` END AS `state`,`c`.`title` AS `category_title`,`c`.`path` AS `category_route`,`c`.`access` AS `category_access`,`c`.`alias` AS `category_alias`,`c`.`language` AS `category_language`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`published` AS `parents_published`,`c`.`lft`,CASE WHEN `a`.`created_by_alias` > ' ' THEN `a`.`created_by_alias` ELSE `ua`.`name` END AS `author`,`ua`.`email` AS `author_email`,`uam`.`name` AS `modified_by_name`,`parent`.`title` AS `parent_title`,`parent`.`id` AS `parent_id`,`parent`.`path` AS `parent_route`,`parent`.`alias` AS `parent_alias`,`parent`.`language` AS `parent_language`,COALESCE(NULLIF(ROUND(`v`.`rating_sum` / `v`.`rating_count`, 1), 0), 0) AS `rating`,COALESCE(NULLIF(`v`.`rating_count`, 0), 0) AS `rating_count` FROM `jml_content` AS `a` LEFT JOIN `jml_categories` AS `c` ON `c`.`id` = `a`.`catid` LEFT JOIN `jml_users` AS `ua` ON `ua`.`id` = `a`.`created_by` LEFT JOIN `jml_users` AS `uam` ON `uam`.`id` = `a`.`modified_by` LEFT JOIN `jml_categories` AS `parent` ON `parent`.`id` = `c`.`parent_id` LEFT JOIN `jml_content_frontpage` AS `fp` ON `fp`.`content_id` = `a`.`id` LEFT JOIN `jml_content_rating` AS `v` ON `a`.`id` = `v`.`content_id` WHERE `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `a`.`state` = :condition AND `a`.`id` IN (:preparedArray5,:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7,:preparedArray8,:preparedArray9,:preparedArray10,:preparedArray11,:preparedArray12,:preparedArray13,:preparedArray14,:preparedArray15,:preparedArray16,:preparedArray17) AND (`a`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp) AND (`a`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown) ORDER BY a.ordering ASC1.01ms71.63KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:166Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `jml_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `jml_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`430μs6.9KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `jml_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `jml_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`366μs6.9KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `jml_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `jml_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`351μs17.9KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `params` FROM `jml_comprofiler_plugin` WHERE `id` = 1185μs896BCopy
  • SELECT `id` FROM `jml_rstbox` WHERE `published` = 1 AND `testmode` = 0203μs928B/administrator/components/com_rstbox/EngageBox/Boxes.php:45Copy
  • SELECT * FROM `jml_rstbox` WHERE `id` = 3136μs2.23KB/administrator/components/com_rstbox/EngageBox/Box.php:238Copy
  • SELECT COUNT(id) FROM `jml_rstbox_logs` WHERE `event` = 1 AND `box` = 3 AND `visitorid` = '31e7723c8c4c7426' AND MONTH(date) = 03 AND YEAR(date) = 2025183μs896B/administrator/components/com_rstbox/EngageBox/Assignments.php:201Copy
  • SELECT * FROM `jml_rstbox` WHERE `id` = 5136μs2.23KB/administrator/components/com_rstbox/EngageBox/Box.php:238Copy
  • SELECT COUNT(id) FROM `jml_rstbox_logs` WHERE `event` = 1 AND `box` = 5 AND `visitorid` = '31e7723c8c4c7426'118μs896B/administrator/components/com_rstbox/EngageBox/Assignments.php:201Copy
  • SELECT `language`,`id` FROM `jml_menu` WHERE `home` = '1' AND `published` = 1 AND `client_id` = 0466μs976B/libraries/src/Language/Multilanguage.php:123Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `jml_content` WHERE `id` = :id129μs1.67KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `jml_content` WHERE `id` = :id88μs1.67KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `c2`.`language`,CONCAT_WS(':', `c2`.`id`, `c2`.`alias`) AS `id`,CONCAT_WS(':', `ca`.`id`, `ca`.`alias`) AS `catid` FROM `jml_content` AS `c` INNER JOIN `jml_associations` AS `a` ON `a`.`id` = `c`.`id` AND `a`.`context` = :context INNER JOIN `jml_associations` AS `a2` ON `a`.`key` = `a2`.`key` INNER JOIN `jml_content` AS `c2` ON `a2`.`id` = `c2`.`id` INNER JOIN `jml_categories` AS `ca` ON `c2`.`catid` = `ca`.`id` AND `ca`.`extension` = :extension2 WHERE `c`.`id` = :id AND c2.access IN (1,5) AND c2.language != 'it-IT' AND (c2.publish_up IS NULL OR c2.publish_up <= '2025-03-24 13:20:23') AND (c2.publish_down IS NULL OR c2.publish_down >= '2025-03-24 13:20:23') AND c2.state = 1279μs1.81KBParams/libraries/src/Language/Associations.php:145Copy
  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM jml_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `jml_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN jml_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN jml_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN jml_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN jml_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform ORDER BY a.ordering ASC720μs5.63KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:166Copy
  • SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`next_execution` <= :now THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS due_count,SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`locked` IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END) AS locked_count FROM `jml_scheduler_tasks` AS `a` WHERE `a`.`state` = 1195μs1.75KBParams/administrator/components/com_scheduler/src/Model/TasksModel.php:517Copy
  • SHOW TABLES1.03ms8.83KB/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/Mysqli/MysqliDriver.php:678Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `jml_session` WHERE `session_id` = ?160μs1.67KBParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:291Copy
  • UPDATE `jml_session` SET `data` = ? , `time` = ? WHERE `session_id` = ?8.4ms936BParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:318Copy