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Malattia di Parkinson e gene GBA

geneLa malattia di Parkinson è a tutt’oggi la seconda patologia neurodegenerativa più comune, essendone affetto circa il 3% della popolazione mondiale al di sopra dei 65 anni.

 

La maggior parte dei pazienti è affetta dalla forma idiopatica (cioè della quale non si conosce la causa scatenante), ma una grande rilevanza scientifica negli ultimi decenni ha avuto la scoperta di mutazioni del DNA, il nostro corredo genetico, che possono contribuire alla comprensione dei meccanismi intrinseci della malattia.
Tra queste, le mutazioni del gene GBA ricoprono una estrema rilevanza, essendo il fattore di rischio genetico più importante, nonché il più frequente, presente tra il 5 ed il 15% dei pazienti con malattia di Parkinson. 
In questa recente review, pubblicata sulla rivista scientifica Cells, il prof A.H.V. Schapira riassume in maniera chiara quelle che sono le ultime evidenze scientifiche riguardanti le mutazioni e le varianti di GBA ed il loro ruolo nel processo patologico che porta alla neurodegenerazione. 
E’ importante sottolineare come la malattia di Parkinson in questi pazienti NON E’ geneticamente determinata, ma la presenza della mutazione aumenta il rischio di ammalarsi, cioè esistono molte persone portatori della mutazione che non si ammalano.
Le mutazioni di GBA, che sono circa 300, portano all’alterazione biochimica della proteina denominata GCase, proteina importante nella degradazione di alcune sostanze all’interno della cellula. L’alterazione di tale proteina, unita all’accumulo di sostanze non degradate, modifica i processi cellulari e interagisce con la proteina che per eccellenza si accumula nel cervello dei pazienti parkinsoniani, l’ALFASINUCLEINA.
Il meccanismo con il quale queste molecole interagiscono tra loro è ancora in buona parte da scoprire, tuttavia molti passi in avanti sono stati fatti dalla ricerca, anche nella valutazione di alcune terapie che possano aumentare il quantitativo della proteina GCase nel cervello, che possano migliorarne l’attività (direttamente o indirettamente) ed il trasporto dentro la cellula (ad es. Ambroxolo) o che possano ridurre la formazione dei prodotti che tale proteina deve degradare.
Molto importante è anche la terapia genica, che si basa sul trasporto tramite virus non patogeni del gene all’interno della cellula, per migliorare direttamente la produzione di GCase da parte delle cellule nervose.

In conclusione, è di fondamentale importanza andare ad eseguire una valutazione approfondita dal punto di vista clinico della malattia di Parkinson e ricercare l’eventuale presenza di tale mutazioni all’interno del genoma dei pazienti, portando avanti questo filone di ricerca che pare avere un futuro promettente non solo nella valutazione dei meccanismi patologici, ma anche nella scoperta di una terapia che non sia solo sintomatica ma che agisca sul processo stesso di neurodegenerazione.

A cura del dott. Salvatore Bonvegna, Centro Parkinson e Parkinsonismi, ASST Gaetano Pini - CTO

Fonte: Smith L, Schapira AHV. GBA Variants and Parkinson Disease: Mechanisms and Treatments. Cells. 2022 Apr 8;11(8):1261.

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  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `jml_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `jml_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`551μs6.9KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM jml_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `jml_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN jml_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN jml_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN jml_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN jml_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id LEFT JOIN `jml_fields_categories` AS fc ON fc.field_id = a.id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND (`fc`.`category_id` IS NULL OR `fc`.`category_id` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3)) AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform ORDER BY a.ordering ASC757μs6.37KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:166Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `jml_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `jml_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`691μs6.9KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT custom_data FROM jml_extensions WHERE element = 'yootheme' AND folder = 'system' LIMIT 1363μs64.88KB/templates/yootheme/packages/platform-joomla/src/Storage.php:30Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`id`,`m`.`title`,`m`.`module`,`m`.`position`,`m`.`content`,`m`.`showtitle`,`m`.`params`,`mm`.`menuid` FROM `jml_modules` AS `m` LEFT JOIN `jml_modules_menu` AS `mm` ON `mm`.`moduleid` = `m`.`id` LEFT JOIN `jml_extensions` AS `e` ON `e`.`element` = `m`.`module` AND `e`.`client_id` = `m`.`client_id` WHERE ( ( (`m`.`published` = 1 AND `e`.`enabled` = 1 AND `m`.`client_id` = :clientId AND `m`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)) AND (`m`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`m`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown)) AND (`mm`.`menuid` = :itemId OR `mm`.`menuid` <= 0) AND `m`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4) ORDER BY `m`.`position`,`m`.`ordering`3.08ms132.25KBParams/libraries/src/Cache/Controller/CallbackController.php:51Copy
  • SELECT `metakey` FROM `jml_content` WHERE `id` = :id190μs1.67KBParams/modules/mod_related_items/src/Helper/RelatedItemsHelper.php:88Copy
  • SELECT `a`.`id` FROM `jml_content` AS `a` WHERE ( ( (`a`.`id` != :id AND `a`.`state` = 1 AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)) AND (`a`.`metakey` LIKE :preparedArray3 OR `a`.`metakey` LIKE :preparedArray4 OR `a`.`metakey` LIKE :preparedArray5)) AND (`a`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_up` <= :nowDate1)) AND (`a`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_down` >= :nowDate2) AND `a`.`language` IN (:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7) LIMIT 2017.56ms2.53KBParams/modules/mod_related_items/src/Helper/RelatedItemsHelper.php:152Copy
  • SELECT `params` FROM `jml_comprofiler_plugin` WHERE `id` = 1172μs896BCopy
  • SELECT `id` FROM `jml_rstbox` WHERE `published` = 1 AND `testmode` = 0207μs928B/administrator/components/com_rstbox/EngageBox/Boxes.php:45Copy
  • SELECT * FROM `jml_rstbox` WHERE `id` = 3173μs2.23KB/administrator/components/com_rstbox/EngageBox/Box.php:238Copy
  • SELECT COUNT(id) FROM `jml_rstbox_logs` WHERE `event` = 1 AND `box` = 3 AND `visitorid` = 'b20cdcb8e4ec2766' AND MONTH(date) = 03 AND YEAR(date) = 2025247μs11.88KB/administrator/components/com_rstbox/EngageBox/Assignments.php:201Copy
  • SELECT * FROM `jml_rstbox` WHERE `id` = 5158μs2.23KB/administrator/components/com_rstbox/EngageBox/Box.php:238Copy
  • SELECT COUNT(id) FROM `jml_rstbox_logs` WHERE `event` = 1 AND `box` = 5 AND `visitorid` = 'b20cdcb8e4ec2766'161μs896B/administrator/components/com_rstbox/EngageBox/Assignments.php:201Copy
  • SELECT `language`,`id` FROM `jml_menu` WHERE `home` = '1' AND `published` = 1 AND `client_id` = 0658μs976B/libraries/src/Language/Multilanguage.php:123Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `jml_content` WHERE `id` = :id183μs1.67KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `jml_content` WHERE `id` = :id140μs1.67KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `c2`.`language`,CONCAT_WS(':', `c2`.`id`, `c2`.`alias`) AS `id`,CONCAT_WS(':', `ca`.`id`, `ca`.`alias`) AS `catid` FROM `jml_content` AS `c` INNER JOIN `jml_associations` AS `a` ON `a`.`id` = `c`.`id` AND `a`.`context` = :context INNER JOIN `jml_associations` AS `a2` ON `a`.`key` = `a2`.`key` INNER JOIN `jml_content` AS `c2` ON `a2`.`id` = `c2`.`id` INNER JOIN `jml_categories` AS `ca` ON `c2`.`catid` = `ca`.`id` AND `ca`.`extension` = :extension2 WHERE `c`.`id` = :id AND c2.access IN (1,5) AND c2.language != 'it-IT' AND (c2.publish_up IS NULL OR c2.publish_up <= '2025-03-25 00:59:23') AND (c2.publish_down IS NULL OR c2.publish_down >= '2025-03-25 00:59:23') AND c2.state = 1398μs1.81KBParams/libraries/src/Language/Associations.php:145Copy
  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM jml_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `jml_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN jml_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN jml_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN jml_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN jml_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform ORDER BY a.ordering ASC844μs5.63KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:166Copy
  • SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`next_execution` <= :now THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS due_count,SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`locked` IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END) AS locked_count FROM `jml_scheduler_tasks` AS `a` WHERE `a`.`state` = 1174μs1.75KBParams/administrator/components/com_scheduler/src/Model/TasksModel.php:517Copy
  • SHOW TABLES978μs8.83KB/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/Mysqli/MysqliDriver.php:678Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `jml_session` WHERE `session_id` = ?164μs1.67KBParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:291Copy
  • UPDATE `jml_session` SET `data` = ? , `time` = ? WHERE `session_id` = ?9.55ms936BParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:318Copy